2026

G2T: Tissue Reconstruction from Gene Expression via Embedding-Distance Flow Matching

S. Birk, F. J. Theis, M. Lotfollahi

Machine Learning in Computational Biology (MLCB)2026Conference paper

Reconstructs the spatial arrangement of cells in a tissue from gene expression alone, by predicting the distance between every pair of cells and recovering coordinates from that matrix.

Learning Discrete Cell and Niche Codes from Spatial Transcriptomics Using Dual Residual Vector Quantization

S. Birk, A. Merchant, A. Vahidi, F. J. Theis, M. Lotfollahi

Machine Learning in Computational Biology (MLCB)2026Conference paper

Each cell receives a short tuple of integers for its own identity and for its niche, giving a vocabulary that holds across sections and lets a query sample be matched to a reference by comparing code distributions.

Multi-scale modeling of human tissues from spatial transcriptomics with TERRA

S. Birk, M. V. Sanian, A. Vahidi, S. Ogden, D. J. Jafree, A. Miraki Feriz, et al.

bioRxiv2026Preprint

A foundation model pretrained on 112 million human cells that represents genes, cells and their spatial neighbourhoods from a single set of weights.

Graph Tokenization Meets JEPA: Self-Supervised Learning on Spatial Cell Graphs

S. Birk, A. Vahidi, M. V. Sanian, A. Merchant, M. Lotfollahi

ICML 2026 Workshop on Graph Foundation ModelsWorkshop

ST-JEPA turns a cell and its spatial neighbours into a token sequence and learns by predicting the masked parts in latent space, giving representations at gene, cell and neighbourhood resolution without hand-designed augmentations.

SQUINT: Spatial Quantization for Understanding and IN-painting Tissues

A. Merchant, S. Birk, A. Vahidi, D. Jafree, L. Steele, A. R. Foster, V. Baskar, et al.

ICLR 2026 Workshop on Machine Learning for Genomics ExplorationsWorkshop

Vector quantisation of cell embeddings from a graph neural network turns a tissue into a sequence of tokens, which SQUINT then uses to fill in gene expression at spatial locations it has not seen.

Hidden immune memory niches in inflammatory skin diseases

L. Steele, A. R. Foster, K. Roberts, C. Admane, S. Birk, P. V. Mazin, A. Akbarnejad, C. Tudor, et al.

bioRxiv2026Preprint

A spatial atlas of around five million human skin cells uncovers immune niches inside sebaceous and sweat glands that standard histopathology does not reveal, which expand in atopic dermatitis and psoriasis and are still present twelve weeks after treatment.

2025

SIGMMA: Hierarchical Graph-Based Multi-Scale Multi-modal Contrastive Alignment of Histopathology Image and Spatial Transcriptome

D. Jeong, A. Vahidi, C. Ramírez-Suástegui, M. Moullet, K. Ly, M. V. Sanian, S. Birk, Y. Chang, A. Boxall, D. Jafree, L. Steele, V. Baskar, M. Haniffa, M. Lotfollahi

arXiv2025Preprint

Aligns haematoxylin and eosin tissue images with spatial transcriptomic profiles at several scales at once, so the shared representation reflects individual cells and their arrangement rather than only the whole image tile.

Mapping and reprogramming human tissue microenvironments with MintFlow

A. Akbarnejad, L. Steele, D. J. Jafree, S. Birk, M. R. Sallese, K. Rademaker, A. Boxall, B. Rumney, C. Tudor, M. Patel, M. Prete, S. Makarchuk, C. Y. C. Lee, J. Maaskola, T. Li, H. Stanley, A. R. Foster, K. Roberts, A. L. Trinh, C. E. Villa, G. Testa, S. Mahil, A. Mehrjou, C. Smith, S. Vakili, M. R. Clatworthy, T. Mitchell, O. A. Bayraktar, M. Haniffa, M. Lotfollahi

bioRxiv2025Preprint

Separates the gene expression a cell owes to its microenvironment from the expression intrinsic to it, so that a microenvironment can be perturbed in silico rather than only described.

Quantitative characterization of cell niches in spatially resolved omics data

S. Birk, I. Bonafonte-Pardàs, A. Miraki Feriz, A. Boxall, E. Agirre, F. Memi, A. Maguza, A. Yadav, E. Armingol, R. Fan, G. Castelo-Branco, F. J. Theis, O. A. Bayraktar, C. Talavera-López, M. Lotfollahi

Nature Genetics 57(4), 897–9092025Journal

A graph deep-learning method that identifies cell niches in spatial omics data and quantifies the communication pathways that define them.